Taken together, results suggest that drawing is a powerful tool which improves memory, and that drawing produces a similar level of retention as does paraphrasing. This suggests that elaborative encoding plays a critical role in the memorial benefit that drawing confers to memory for definitions of academic terms. The process of encoding memories in the brain can be optimized in a variety of ways, including mnemonics, chunking, and state-dependent learning.
Mnemonic devices, sometimes simply called mnemonics, are one way to help encode simple material into memory. A mnemonic is any organization technique that can be used to help remember something. Another type of mnemonic is an acronym, in which a person shortens a list of words to their initial letters to reduce their memory load.
Chunking is the process of organizing parts of objects into meaningful wholes. The whole is then remembered as a unit instead of individual parts. Examples of chunking include remembering phone numbers a series of individual numbers separated by dashes or words a series of individual letters. State-dependent learning is when a person remembers information based on the state of mind or mood they are in when they learn it. Retrieval cues are a large part of state-dependent learning.
For example, if a person listened to a particular song while learning certain concepts, playing that song is likely to cue up the concepts learned.
Smells, sounds, or place of learning can also be part of state-dependent learning. Memory consolidation is a category of processes that stabilize a memory trace after its initial acquisition. Like encoding, consolidation influences whether the memory of an event is accessible after the fact. However, encoding is more influenced by attention and conscious effort to remember things, while the processes involved in consolidation tend to be unconscious and happen at the cellular or neurological level.
Generally, encoding takes focus, while consolidation is more of a biological process. Consolidation even happens while we sleep. Research indicates that sleep is of paramount importance for the brain to consolidate information into accessible memories. While we sleep, the brain analyzes, categorizes, and discards recent memories. One useful memory-enhancement technique is to use an audio recording of the information you want to remember and play it while you are trying to go to sleep.
Once you are actually in the first stage of sleep, there is no learning occurring because it is hard to consolidate memories during sleep which is one reason why we tend to forget most of our dreams. However, the things you hear on the recording just before you fall asleep are more likely to be retained because of your relaxed and focused state of mind. In order to encode information into memory, we must first pay attention, a process known as attentional capture. In order for information to be encoded into memory, we must first pay attention to it.
When a person pays attention to a particular piece of information, this process is called attentional capture. By paying attention to particular information and not other information , a person creates memories that could be and probably are different from someone else in the same situation.
This is why two people can see the same situation but create different memories about it—each person performs attentional capture differently. There are two main types of attentional capture: explicit and implicit. Explicit attentional capture is when a stimulus that a person has not been attending to becomes salient enough that the person begins to attend to it and becomes cognizant of its existence.
This is what happens when you are working on your homework and someone calls your name, drawing your complete attention. If you are working on your homework and there is quiet but annoying music in the background, you may not be aware of it, but your overall focus and performance on your homework might be affected.
Implicit attentional capture is important to understand when driving, because while you might not be aware of the effect a stimulus like loud music or an uncomfortable temperature is having on your driving, your performance will nevertheless be affected. Implicit attentional capture : Even when you are focused on driving, your attention may still implicitly capture other information, such as movement on the GPS screen, which can affect your performance.
Working memory is the part of the memory that actively holds many pieces of information for short amounts of time and manipulates them. He found that encoding was influenced by prior knowledge. Then came the Gestalt Theory which proposed that memory for encoding information was perceived as different from the stimuli, and it was also influenced by the context of stimuli. In , Donald Hebb proposed that the neurons that fire together wire together, which means that connections between neurons are made through repeated use.
George Miller gave the idea that short term memory is limited to seven items, plus or minus two. The model of working memory was proposed by Alan Baddeley and Graham Hitch, in This model consists of the central executive, visuospatial sketchpad, and phonological loop as a method of processing and encoding.
Baddeley added the episodic buffer into his model in There are many types of memory encoding, but the three main types are visual, acoustic, and semantic encoding. We will discuss all the types of encoding one by one. Visual encoding is converting a visual image to understand it as an object. In this way, the visual information is converted to the memory stored in the brain. Visual information is stored in the visuospatial sketchpad which is connected to the central executive.
The central executive is the key area of working memory. Before being encoded in long-term memory, this information is temporarily stored in iconic memory. The encoding of auditory information is known as acoustic encoding. This is the process to understand the auditory aspects of an experience. It includes processing of sounds, words, and other auditory input for storage and retrieval.
The phonological loop, which is a component of acoustic encoding, involves two different processes. First, acoustic information comes into the brain for one to two seconds.
Second, rehearsal is required to convert it into long-term memory. Encoding of sensory input that has a particular meaning or context is known as semantic encoding. This may include remembering concepts, ideas, definitions, and dates, etc. Semantic encoding is easier to recall than the non-semantic or shallow encoding of things.
Attaching emotions to information is a good idea to make semantic encoding much more memorable. Elaborative encoding simply means relating new information to prior knowledge. Memory is a combination of old and new information about something.
In other words, how we remember things depends on how we link it to prior information. Elaborative encoding of something has been shown to greatly enhance long-term memory. Tactile encoding is encoding and processing of feeling of touching something. Neurons in the somatosensory cortex play an important role in this process. Tactile encoding may include remembering the taste of a fruit, feeling of cuddling with your cat, or feeling of your first kiss. Processing of Odors can also be a part of the tactile encoding.
Classifying information to a sequence of terms is what we know as organizational encoding. It includes categorization, listing, and grouping of information by noticing relationships among different items. Existing memories are encoded differently in organizational encoding. Interacting with a new thing triggers a cascade of molecular events. These molecular events lead to the formation of new memories. Changes that may occur at molecular level include;. According to some studies, high central nervous systems levels of acetylcholine aid in memory encoding during wakefulness.
Whereas low levels of acetylcholine during sleep aid in proper consolidation of memories. The ability of the brain to create or destroy neural synapses is termed as synaptic plasticity. Synaptic plasticity is the basis for learning. This is typically done by relating it and connecting the new information to already existing knowledge. Similarly, why is elaborative rehearsal more effective than maintenance rehearsal? Elaborative rehearsal This type of rehearsal is effective because it involves thinking about the meaning of the information and connecting it to other information already stored in memory.
It goes much deeper than maintenance rehearsal. According to the levels-of-processing effect by Fergus I. Elaborative rehearsal can improve your ability to learn and later recall the information you learned. Rather than simply repeating facts that you're trying to learn, elaborative rehearsal can help you connect meaning to those facts and thus make them easier to remember.
Elaborative rehearsal is a technique to help the short-term memory store thoughts and ideas and pass them into the long-term memory. It works by relating new concepts to old concepts that are already in the long-term memory so that these new concepts 'stick'.
In psychology, encoding or memory encoding is considered the first of three stages in the memory process. Example : The teacher was always creating new games to help the children encode new information into their memories. The four primary types of encoding are visual, acoustic, elaborative, and semantic. Encoding of memories in the brain can be optimized in a variety of ways, including mnemonics, chunking, and state-dependent learning.
An elaboration strategy is where the student uses elements of what is to be learned and expands them. The student expands the target information by relating other information to it ex. Analogies, for example, are rather complex ways of connecting information. Visual Encoding. Visual Encoding refers to the process by which we remember visual images.
For example , if you are presented a list of words, each shown for one second, you would be able to remember if there was a word that was written in all capital letters, or if there was a word written in italics.
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