Sports drinks are designed to rehydrate the body after excessive fluid depletion. Electrolytes in particular promote normal rehydration to prevent fatigue during physical exertion. Are they a good choice for achieving the recommended fluid intake?
Are they performance and endurance enhancers like they claim? Who should drink them? Typically, eight ounces of a sports drink provides between fifty and eighty calories and 14 to 17 grams of carbohydrate, mostly in the form of simple sugars. Sodium and potassium are the most commonly included electrolytes in sports drinks, with the levels of these in sports drinks being highly variable.
The American College of Sports Medicine says a sports drink should contain milligrams of sodium per 8 ounces as it is helpful in replenishing some of the sodium lost in sweat and promotes fluid uptake in the small intestine, improving hydration.
In the summer of , the assistant football coach of the University of Florida Gators requested scientists affiliated with the university study why the withering heat of Florida caused so many heat-related illnesses in football players and provide a solution to increase athletic performance and recovery post-training or game. University of Florida football player Chip Hinton testing Gatorade in , pictured next to the leader of its team of inventors, Robert Cade.
Each particle of the solute is surrounded by particles of the solvent, carrying the solute from its original phase. Describe what happens when an ionic solute like Na 2 SO 4 dissolves in a polar solvent. Describe what happens when a molecular solute like sucrose C 12 H 22 O 11 dissolves in a polar solvent. Classify each substance as an electrolyte or a nonelectrolyte.
Each substance dissolves in H 2 O to some extent. Each ion of the ionic solute is surrounded by particles of solvent, carrying the ion from its associated crystal.
Learning Objectives To describe the dissolution process at the molecular level. The Dissolution Process What occurs at the molecular level to cause a solute to dissolve in a solvent? When a solute dissolves, the individual particles of solute become surrounded by solvent particles. Eventually the particle detaches from the remaining solute, surrounded by solvent molecules in solution.
Ionic Compounds and Covalent Compounds as Solutes In the case of molecular solutes like glucose, the solute particles are individual molecules. Potassium chloride is an ionic compound; therefore, when it dissolves, its ions separate, making it an electrolyte. Fructose is a sugar similar to glucose. In fact, it has the same molecular formula as glucose. Because it is a molecular compound, we expect it to be a nonelectrolyte.
This amount is dependent on molecular interactions between the solute and the solvent. In this activity you will investigate how much of various compounds you can dissolve in water. How do you think sugar and salt compare? Observations and results Did all of your tested compounds dissolve in distilled water?
They should have—but to different extents. Water in general is a very good solvent and is able to dissolve lots of different compounds. This is because it can interact with a lot of different molecules.
This is because each of these compounds has different chemical and physical properties based on their different molecular structures. They are all made of different chemical elements and have been formed by different types of bonds. Depending on this structure it is more or less difficult for the water molecules to break these bonds and form new ones with the solute molecules in order to dissolve them into a solution.
Cleanup You can dispose of each of your solutions in the sink. Keep the water running for a while afterward to flush your sink properly. Dispose of all remaining solids in the regular trash. Wash your hands with water and soap. This activity brought to you in partnership with Science Buddies.
Already a subscriber? Sign in. Thanks for reading Scientific American. Create your free account or Sign in to continue. See Subscription Options. Go Paperless with Digital. Key concepts Chemistry Property of matter Solutions Solubility Introduction Have you ever added a spoon of sugar to your tea and wondered why it disappeared?
Into one table sugar cup measure grams of sugar. Into one baking soda cup measure 20 grams of baking soda. Into one Epsom salts cup measure grams of Epsom salts. For each cup weigh it and write down the mass weight. Add milliliters of distilled water into each cup. Use the measuring cup to make sure each cup has the same amount of water. The water should be at room temperature and the same for all cups. You can use a thermometer to verify that.
The bonds between the atoms have small charges on them. As these charges are sufficient to attract water molecules, sugar is soluble in water. Substances dissolved in a liquid form a solution. This means that the atoms of the dissolved substance are between the molecules of the liquid and cannot be separated by filtration.
If you pour a solution of salt and water through filter paper, both the water and the salt will pass through the paper. In this example, the dissolved salt is called the solute, and the water that contains it is called the solvent. Liquids other than water also act as solvents for some substances. Solutions and Dissolving When solid materials are added to water, several changes can occur.
Why We Care: Our fresh water and ocean water too, of course typically contains dissolved minerals from soil, agricultural products such as fertilizer, bacteria and more, and salts from road treatment. What happens when something dissolves? What is a solution? See dissolving in action! What does not dissolve?
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